Two service innovations developed specifically to work with stalkers are presented as options to overcome current management deficiencies. In addition to stalking, other crimes involved may include domestic violence, harassment by telephone, menacing, assault, criminal trespass and burglary. The Domestic Violence Intervention Project in Alexandria, Virginia, created a support group for stalking victims.
Developing a framework for identifying the risk factors and shaping the delivery of treatment is crucial. Treatment can then be tailored to suit the stalker, thereby enhancing therapeutic efficacy. These depend on accurate assessment of the risks inherent in stalking and on the identification of psychological deficits, needs, and responsivity factors specific to the individual. Treatment of stalkers involves pharmacotherapy when mental illness is present, but the mainstays of treatment for non-psychotic stalkers are programmes of psychological intervention. Civil remedies in the form of restraining orders may be ineffective or counterproductive. Criminal justice interventions can be problematic because of difficulties in framing anti-stalking legislation and inconsistencies in their application. Classifying stalkers based on their relationship to their victims is the most common system in the United States, where the criminalization of stalking began. Legal sanctions alone are often ineffective in preventing stalking because, in the absence of treatment, the fundamental problems driving the stalker remain unresolved.
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